Due to the increasing interest in renewable energy resources around the world, solar plants are more frequently being installed in challenging conditions. Many of the locations are arid, desert-like areas, as they provide very high solar irradiance and the land is rarely used for other purposes. Examples of such sites are in the USA, North Africa, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, the Atacama Desert in Chile, Australia and India. In desert areas, the accumulation of dust on PV panel surfaces is very high. The reduction in solar efficiency due to dust on PV panels is approximately 40%.
The degree of efficiency deterioration depends on the specific mass and size of dust particles deposition on the PV module surface. As the mass of dust deposition increases, power output and the efficiency of the module decrease, and as the size becomes smaller, power output decreases as smaller particles block more radiation on the PV module surface.
In research from Sulaiman, Singh, Mokhtar, Bou-Rabee (2014) on the Influence of Dirt Accumulation on Performance of PV Panels, the study shows that opaque particles tremendously affect the performance of solar PV, in particular moss, which could reduce the output power by up to 86%. (Ref: Sulaiman, S. A., Singh, A. K., Mokhtar, M. M. M., & Bou-Rabee, M. A. (2014). Influence of Dirt Accumulation on Performance of PV Panels. Energy Procedia, 50, 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.06.006)